In a soup pot, add in water, and 2/3 of the quartered tomatoes. Bring it to a boil over high heat. You can use the soup ladle to lightly smash the tomatoes.
While the soup is heating, combine the kaffir lime leaf, lemongrass, and galangal powders in a small bowl. Add in about 1 tablespoon of oil and 2 teaspoons of water. Stir to form into a paste.
Once the tomatoes start to cook down, lower the heat to medium, and then add in the mushrooms.
Next, stir in the spice paste. Then break the dried red chili peppers in half, and toss into the soup. If you prefer a milder heat, keep the chili peppers whole.
Reduce the heat to medium-low, and let it cook for 5 minutes. Then add in the bell pepper slices, season with salt or fish sauce, and squeeze in lime juice. The tomatoes should be melded into the soup well at this point - which gives the soup a good base flavor and texture.
Taste and adjust any seasonings (squeeze in more lime juice if needed). Add in the last 1/3 of the tomatoes, and fresh jalapeno slices (if using). Turn heat off.
Garnish with fresh cilantro leaves. Serve hot, and include a few lime wedges on the side.